Their predators include sea otters, starfish, wolf eels, triggerfish, and humans. Kelp produce their own food through photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight and organic carbon from the environment. Sea otter resting on the ocean surface, grasping a purple sea urchin it has just pulled up off the ocean floor. Urchins eat kelp, and sea otters eat sea urchins. Sea otters are known to carry rocks when they dive, to increase their weight when diving, as well as to … Simply put: the sea otter consumes the sea urchin which indirectly results in safeguarding the kelp forests (that harbor life and also sequestrate carbon). Because the otter food source is easier to excavate from rocky-bottom habitats, as opposed to soft-bottom habitats, more otters tend to live in waters with rocky bottoms with access to shallow-burrowing prey. Sea otters are another predator of urchins in the kelp forests. Now numbering in the thousands, the appetite of the otters is dramatically altering large parts of the West Coast ecosystem. Without otters to keep them in check, sea urchins in particular, with a healthy appetite for flora, were free to mow down large swaths of kelp forests that once flourished. Beginning in 2013, Burt and her colleagues studied rocky reef areas around Calvert Island on the Central Coast of B.C., initially trying to better understand the effect that sea otters were having on undersea ecological communities. Sea urchins are herbivores and feed on seaweeds like kelp. Seals are frequent visitors to kelp forests, and grey whales will feed on the crab larvae they find there — as well as use the kelp to hide their calves from killer whales. Rather than wondering how the kelp forests affected otters… why not explore how the otters affected the kelp forests?”. The growing sea otter population in B.C. Also known as seaweed, there are red, green and brown varieties of marine algae, among others. There are areas with and without sea otters where researchers can compare the differences in kelp abundance, urchin populations and other aspects of undersea habitat. By studying how sea otters were foraging in the Elkhorn Slough—what prey species they were eating and where they were feeding—Dr. When otters are present, urchins hide in crevices and snack on kelp scraps. They have an interesting method of eating their prey. Sea otters, by eating sea urchins, help kelp to flourish. This type of relationship between a predator (sea otter), herbivore (urchin), and plant (kelp) is known as a trophic cascade. Copyright © 2021 Sea Otter Savvy. In the wake of a devastating disease outbreak that ravaged starfish populations from Alaska to Mexico, researchers like Jenn Burt are just starting to understand the role that sunflower stars play in helping kelp beds to thrive. In 1970, an ecologist named James A. Estes traveled to Amchitka Island in Alaska’s Aleutian archipelago to study sea otters. In this relationship, the sea otter eats sea urchins, as discussed above. The following story is an excerpt from Heart of the Coast: Biodiversity and Resilience on the Pacific Edge by Tyee Bridge — a new, beautifully photographed introduction to B.C. “Bob listened to my account of what I had seen while diving," Estes recalled in his 2016 memoir Serendipity, "and what I thought it might mean and then abruptly suggested a simple but radically different change in perspective. The lined chiton has no self-defense mechanisms, so he often cohabitates with purple sea urchins and green anemones. But a new twist on this relationship, usually understood as a three-way interaction between urchins, kelp and sea otters, has recently come out of the work done on the Central Coast by Jenn Burt and her Hakai Institute colleagues. 's coastal ecology, glaciology and archaeology done in partnership with the Hakai Institute. Once the kelp dies it floats up and provides the sea otter with a source of food. Manatees eat sea grass to survive, but they do not eat animals. These small urchins also readily devour kelp, and if their numbers swell, they begin to thin out kelp forests. Image courtesy Grant Callegari/Hakai Institute. The Sea Otters eat Sea Urchins, which harm the kelp. The need to stick with your “dive buddy” and communicate with hand signals or by scrawling on a slate can slow things down, as can murky water. In turn, these grazers provide food for predators, such as sea otters and certain species of sea stars like the sunflower star. Seaweeds and sea otters have a symbiotic relationship as evidenced by the rafts of sea otters (Enhydrus lutra), numbering in the hundreds, bobbing amongst the kelp beds just north of Tofino in Kyuquot Sound, Vancouver Island. Large-scale hunting, part of the Maritime Fur Trade, which would eventually kill approximately one million sea otters, began in the 18th century when hunters and traders began to arrive from all over the world to meet foreign demand for otter pelts, which were one of the world's most valua… Thanks to Estes, and the work of subsequent researchers like David Duggins and Jane Watson, the beneficial effects of sea otters in propagating kelp habitats have been well established among ecologists, and increasingly well known to the general public. [16] What is the Apex Predator? You can help by joining our GoFundMe campaign or donating via our Donate link. Despite the Cold War considerations that placed him there, his research ended up transforming our modern understanding of coastal ecology. Otter populations are affected by the density of prey they hunt. Sloan Wangel APES Woods Case Study TB p.101-102 Sea Otters Sea otters are well known as a keystone species because of their ability to transform sea urchin-dominated communities into kelp-dominated communities by preying on sea urchins and thus reducing the intensity of herbivory. No! This is a mutualism relationship because both species benefit from the interaction. In contrast, Dr. Estes noticed that places with healthy sea otter populations often had healthy kelp forest habitat as well. Observing sea otters and kelp beds on Amchitka — both onshore and during scuba dives — led Estes to question the links between them. “When you remove an organism from the system, it’s then you realize that its impact was actually quite substantial.”. Our organization is funded entirely by grants and contributions from people like you who want to see a safer, more peaceful world for sea otters and all wildlife. * Sea Otter Great White Shark Hagfish Crab. Sea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700 and 1800s. According to the Seattle Aquarium, sea otters consume around 25 percent of their body weight in food every day to stay warm and survive in the cold Pacific Ocean. Observing sea otters and kelp beds on Amchitka — both onshore and during scuba dives — led Estes to question the links between them. As he tells in Serendipity, what he saw when he put on his scuba gear and entered the waters off Shemya shocked him: "When I looked down at the seafloor, I was stunned by the vast numbers of urchins and the absence of kelp… Every place I looked was the same—large and abundant sea urchins over a seafloor of crustose coralline algae with little or no kelp… In the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchins had increased in size and number, and the larger and more abundant urchins had eaten the kelp. “Sunflower stars mop up the little sea urchins,” says Anne Salomon. herbivores. Sea urchins are related to starfish and look like small, purple hedgehogs. Many of the funding sources that have supported our work over the last five years are reducing or suspending funding opportunities as they ride out the pandemic. The crucial connection, he discovered, was sea urchins. By creating nearshore habitats rich in fish and other sea life, kelp beds have been significant assets to human coastal communities for thousands of years. What would happen to the ecosystem if the Octopus go extinct? Upon returning to the surface, they float on their backs, with the rock on the stomachs. Since then, this kind of comparative study has been carried out in other parts of Alaska, Canada, Washington state, Russia and California. One of the results of Dr. Estes’ research was to designate sea otters as a “keystone species”. Sea otters eat about 25% of their weight every day, and is arguably the number one cause in sea otter deaths, when they cannot forage enough food to feed themselves. Her mentors and colleagues include renowned coastal ecology experts Jane Watson and Anne Salomon. Part of a recovering North Pacific population and expanding across the Central Coast over the past three decades, sea otters are a keystone species that indirectly influence the abundance of kelp forest habitat. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Sea urchins have recently decimated kelp forests in Northern California, leaving researchers to wonder why Southern California kelp forests have remained relatively intact without sea otters to control the urchin populations. It’s ironic that the undersea world is so alien to most of us, since it makes up over 70 per cent of the globe. The sea otters help the kelp by eating the sea urchins because if there is too big of a population of sea urchins the kelp is endangered. All Rights Reserved. Like land-based plants and trees, kelp and other algae form the base of the marine food web. Without Sea Otters Kelp Forests Are Consumed By Urchins (credit: Mike Kenner), The Sea Otter's Big Appetite Helps Control Sea Urchins (credit: Joe Tomoleoni), Without Sea Otters Eel Grass Is Covered In Thick Algae (credit: Brent Hughes), With Sea Otters Sea Slugs Are Able To Consume Algae (credit: Brent Hughes). You need an active subscription to post a comment. your subscription today. “Planet Earth,” says marine ecologist Jenn Burt, “is actually Planet Ocean.”. In the food relationship where the sea otter eats the sea urchin, and the sea urchin eats kelp, describe the relationship between the sea otter and sea urchin. Kelp forests are influenced by a huge range of physical and biological factors. Salomon notes that although many ecologists had suspected that sunflower stars played a role in the resilience of kelp forests, that role had not yet been measured or acknowledged. Since both organisms are benefitting this is an example of mutualism. A keystone species is one that is comparatively rare but has a strong influence on its environment. Estes had seen what is now known as an urchin barren, the result of a trophic cascade. They can be as small as a human blood cell or reach lengths of over 45 metres. Confirming the previously uncertain role of sunflower stars in kelp-bed ecology will help researchers as they monitor the resilience of kelp beds across the North Pacific Rim and manage their recovery. However, sea urchins also love to eat the holdfasts of kelp. Enhydra lutris has a very close relationship with kelp. Without additional financial support for 2021, we will not be able to sustain our research, outreach, and conservation efforts at the level our team has worked so hard to establish at a time when sea otters need us most. And the Kelp provides an anchor for the Sea Otter when they sleep. Researchers from British Columbia to California have seen large swaths of kelp forest disappear off the coastline in recent years, a troubling development that appears connected both to rising ocean temperatures and SSWD. “With the near extinction of sea otters during the fur trade, our coastal ecosystems were radically downgraded and simplified. How sea otters are radically changing the West Coast ecosystem 50 years after their return to B.C. “There are so many interactions in the ocean that we don’t totally understand and probably never will, because we can’t systematically remove and then replace all the animals in the ocean,” says Burt. To oblivion and back. Photo by Sebastian Kennerknecht/Minden Pictures . What kind of "eater" are manatees? Symbiotic Relationships Natural Selection Works Cited QuIz. While studying the health of Elkhorn Slough, an estuary on Monterey Bay, Dr. Brent Hughes noticed that beds of eelgrass, an important component of many estuaries, were healthy there compared to other estuaries on the central coast. Aleutian sea otters have been in flux before. Their appetite for these invertebrate species exerts a strong influence on prey size and number and how they live and move in their habitat. In coastal areas where sea otters regularly consume sea urchins, kelp forests have a greater chance to take hold and endure, and act as an undersea forest habitat for other marine animals. “Most of us only ever see the surface of the ocean,” she says. When boats are able to go out to gather data — in Burt’s case, counting sunflower stars, or performing an undersea experiment to track urchin feeding rates — divers have only 45 to 60 minutes to complete their task before their oxygen runs out. Sea otter skull with echinochrome staining. * What are the Primary Consumers? Burt’s graduate studies undertaken with the Hakai Institute in British Columbia were focused on the ecological and social impacts of sea otter recovery — including the effects that growing sea otter populations have on coastal Indigenous communities. “When you see a sea otter, they’re usually either eating or digesting,” often munching on urchins, says ecologist Anne Salomon, a Pew marine fellow. The organisms sea otters had evolved alongside suddenly lost the main predator that kept them in check. Sea otters are such voracious eaters, West Coast crab and sea urchin fishermen have gone on record with concerns and cautions. Sea otter benefit from this relationship because they use kelp to anchor themselves when they sleep. The disease outbreak created what is known to researchers as a natural experiment — a unique condition that appears without artificial or planned intervention. By controlling the size and number of sea urchins (sea urchins are one of their favorite foods, and they eat the larger ones first), sea otters created the opportunity for kelp to grow and flourish, which in turn created habitat for numerous other kelp forest dwellers. After four years of research, Burt and her colleagues came to a groundbreaking new understanding of the relationships between kelp, urchins and sea otters — thanks to unexpected discoveries about a previously overlooked bottom-dwelling predator. To understand the relationship between the two, Estes needed to find an area that was devoid of otters and see what the kelp forests looked like. This was my 'aha moment,' a profound realization that would set a path for the remainder of my life.". Fur traders in the 18th and 19th centuries hunted the animals to the brink of extinction, allowing sea urchin numbers to skyrocket, Dr. Rasher said. Burt and her fellow researchers began collecting data in 2013, not knowing that two years later, the epizootic of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) would strike the waters around Calvert Island. That gave the team some hunches about what they wanted to look at more closely in the data. However, these smaller urchins are a favourite food of sunflower stars. Dr. Estes found that the presence of sea otters had a dramatic effect on coastal habitats (see case study below). Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Their beautiful fur is a main target for many hunters. Some sea otters eat so many purple sea urchins over their lifetime that their teeth and bones actually become stained purple (known as echinochrome staining). Sea otters live in a cold ocean environment and rely on two traits to keep warm: a dense fur coat for insulation and very high metabolism to generate body heat. The waters around the Hakai Institute on Calvert Island are at the leading edge of this expansion, and like the Aleutian Islands, are well suited to this sort of study. The sea otter’s diet relies heavily on sea urchins that can consume 30 feet of kelp forest in less than a month. Estes’s observations revealed an “extraordinarily high” sea otter population around Amchitka, inhabiting a lush undersea world of kelp forests. He will tuck himself beneath the prickly protection of the purple sea urchin, finding a safe haven in a dangerous ocean. COVID-19 has been the source of both obstacles and innovations to our plans and strategies for outreach and research, but it is due to the shock of the pandemic on our grants and funding sources that Sea Otter Savvy is facing our most serious threat to survival. On the Central Coast reefs she studied, Burt links the loss of sunflower stars to a startling 300 per cent spike in the population of small and medium-size urchins, and to a resulting 30 per cent decline in kelp density. Using a dataset collected over four years, Burt and her colleagues learned that sea otters are not the only predators that have a significant effect on urchins, and thus not the only creature that can help ensure the health and abundance of kelp forests: the less cute but nonetheless impressive sunflower star also plays a major role. Case study: Sea Otters →Crabs → Sea Slugs → Micro Algae → Eelgrass. The complexity of trophic cascades can vary extensively from place to place, but this basic pattern is the foundation for understanding how sea otters fit into a healthy coastal environment. You feel like you’re on another planet, in a zero-gravity environment with all this life that you don’t normally get to see.”. The crucial connection, he discovered, was sea urchins. By controlling the size and number of sea urchins (sea urchins are one of their favorite foods, and they eat the larger ones first), sea otters created the opportunity for kelp to grow and flourish, which in turn created habitat for numerous other kelp forest dwellers. They are sensitive to temperature, ripped up by storms and affected by currents and waves. Sea otters, in turn, are equally voracious predators of sea urchins. Researchers have also discovered that kelp forests in the northeast Pacific can be dramatically impacted by the presence of two predators. These urchins would usually eat the majority of the kelp; however the sea otters can prevent this. The Atomic Energy Commission had sponsored his research there ahead of a contentious nuclear test on the island. “It was very interesting to learn how they give a helping hand to the apex predator in these areas, sea otters.”. Sea otters are foragers that eat mostly hard-shelled invertebrates, including sea urchins and a variety of clams, mussels, and crabs. This type of relationship between a predator (sea otter), herbivore (urchin), and plant (kelp) is known as a trophic cascade. Sea urchins are like vacuum cleaners of the ocean floor. So what does this underwater relationship look like? Sea otters are considered a keystone species because of the crucial ecological role they play in maintaining the health and stability of the nearshore marine ecosystem. Fragmentation and recovery from fur trade hunting created opportunity for scientific study. Islands with sea otters had healthy kelp forests while otter-less islands had barren sea floors littered with sea urchins but no kelp. One of them is cute and fuzzy — the other one, less so. Interspecific Interactions (Predators and relationships): The purple sea urchin is the prey to many other species, such as: - Sea Otters (Left) - Sunflower Starfish (Below) - Horn Sharks (Below) Although they have spines for protection, animals such as the sea otter can break them open and feed on the insides of the urchin. The kelp can flourish, providing habitat for many ocean organisms. Although this relationship … Without sea otters, sea urchins and other herbivorous invertebrates are left unchecked to graze through swathes of giant kelp forests, creating barren stretches of coastal habitat behind them that once served as nurseries for fish, seals and hordes of other sea life. When hungry sea otters smack spiky urchins against rocks on their chests, the mammals may also be striking a blow against climate change. What Burt noticed on underwater surveys after the disease event was that there were more small and medium-size urchins everywhere Burt and her colleagues looked. Sea Otters Are Walled in by Hungry Sharks Outside the safety of the kelp forest, California sea otters are being picked off by sharks. That’s the bigger narrative around this research that I think is really neat.”. Sea otters dive to rocky reefs, where they collect invertebrates and also a large rock. In places where sea otters have disappeared, sea urchins will eat the kelp forest until it’s gone. They help to clean up any kelp that has fallen to the sea floor. The sea otter eats sea urchins which if there is a large population makes the kelp endangered. A new trophic cascade involving sea otters was recently discovered in a Central California estuary. “But when we have that opportunity to observe a sudden absence of a particular organism, and see what the impacts of that are, we have a lot more understanding. “This is the important element of surprise in science,” says Burt. “It really is like that Joni Mitchell line, ‘You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone,’” says Burt. 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